/* ============================================================
   Authority Signals — design system
   Palette: "I Can Be Smart" (SchemeColor)
   Vivid Cerulean #00A9E2 · White #FFFFFF · Bright Gray #EAEBF0
   Davy's Grey #4D505E · Charleston Green #27282F
   ============================================================ */

:root{
  --cerulean:#00A9E2;
  --cerulean-ink:#0088b6;        /* darker for AA text contrast */
  --cerulean-wash:#e8f7fd;       /* tint for callouts */
  --white:#FFFFFF;
  --bright-gray:#EAEBF0;
  --davys-grey:#4D505E;
  --charleston:#27282F;
  --charleston-soft:#34363f;
  --line:#d9dbe3;
  --line-strong:#c4c7d2;
  --ink:#23242b;
  --muted:#5b5e6b;

  --maxw:1200px;
  --measure:680px;

  --serif:"Fraunces", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  --sans:"IBM Plex Sans", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
  --mono:"IBM Plex Mono", ui-monospace, "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, monospace;

  --shadow-sm:0 1px 2px rgba(39,40,47,.06), 0 1px 3px rgba(39,40,47,.08);
  --shadow-md:0 6px 22px rgba(39,40,47,.10);
  --radius:4px;
}

*{box-sizing:border-box;}
html{ -webkit-text-size-adjust:100%; scroll-behavior:smooth;}
body{
  margin:0;
  font-family:var(--sans);
  color:var(--ink);
  background:var(--white);
  font-size:18px;
  line-height:1.7;
  font-weight:400;
  -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;
  text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;
}
img{max-width:100%;display:block;}
a{color:var(--cerulean-ink);text-decoration:none;}
a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}

.container{max-width:var(--maxw);margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px;}
.narrow{max-width:var(--measure);}

/* ---------- Skip link ---------- */
.skip{position:absolute;left:-9999px;top:0;background:var(--charleston);color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;z-index:100;}
.skip:focus{left:8px;top:8px;}

/* ---------- Typography ---------- */
h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--charleston);font-weight:600;line-height:1.14;letter-spacing:-.01em;margin:0 0 .5em;}
h1{font-size:clamp(2rem,4.6vw,3.25rem);font-weight:600;}
h2{font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2.05rem);margin-top:1.6em;}
h3{font-size:1.3rem;margin-top:1.5em;}
h4{font-size:1.08rem;font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0;}
p{margin:0 0 1.15em;}
strong{font-weight:600;color:var(--charleston);}
ul,ol{margin:0 0 1.2em;padding-left:1.25em;}
li{margin:.35em 0;}
hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:2.5em 0;}

.eyebrow{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.18em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--cerulean-ink);font-weight:600;margin:0 0 .9em;display:inline-block;}
.eyebrow.on-dark{color:#8fe0fb;}

/* ---------- Top utility bar ---------- */
.utility{background:var(--charleston);color:#c9cbd4;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.06em;}
.utility .container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;min-height:38px;text-transform:uppercase;}
.utility a{color:#c9cbd4;}
.utility .tag{color:#8fe0fb;}

/* ---------- Masthead ---------- */
.masthead{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--white);}
.masthead .container{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;padding-top:22px;padding-bottom:22px;}
.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:13px;text-decoration:none;}
.brand:hover{text-decoration:none;}
.brand .mark{flex:0 0 auto;}
.brand .wordmark{display:flex;flex-direction:column;line-height:1;}
.brand .wordmark .nm{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--charleston);letter-spacing:-.01em;}
.brand .wordmark .nm .dot{color:var(--cerulean);}
.brand .wordmark .sub{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.62rem;letter-spacing:.2em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-top:6px;}
.masthead .cta{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;border:1px solid var(--line-strong);padding:11px 16px;border-radius:var(--radius);color:var(--charleston);white-space:nowrap;}
.masthead .cta:hover{background:var(--cerulean);color:#fff;border-color:var(--cerulean);text-decoration:none;}

/* ---------- Primary nav ---------- */
.nav{background:var(--charleston);position:sticky;top:0;z-index:50;}
.nav .container{display:flex;align-items:stretch;gap:2px;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;scrollbar-width:none;}
.nav .container::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}
.nav a, .nav summary{
  font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;
  color:#d7d9e1;padding:15px 16px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
  border-bottom:3px solid transparent;cursor:pointer;
}
.nav a:hover,.nav summary:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;background:var(--charleston-soft);}
.nav a[aria-current="page"]{color:#fff;border-bottom-color:var(--cerulean);}
.nav .dropdown{position:relative;}
.nav .dropdown summary{list-style:none;}
.nav .dropdown summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;}
.nav .dropdown summary::after{content:"▾";font-size:.7em;opacity:.7;}
.nav .dropdown[open] summary{background:var(--charleston-soft);color:#fff;}
.nav .dropdown .panel{
  position:absolute;left:0;top:100%;background:#fff;min-width:240px;
  box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--cerulean);
  padding:6px;z-index:60;
}
.nav .dropdown .panel a{display:block;color:var(--charleston);border-bottom:0;padding:11px 14px;letter-spacing:.04em;}
.nav .dropdown .panel a:hover{background:var(--cerulean-wash);color:var(--charleston);}
.nav .dropdown .panel a small{display:block;font-family:var(--sans);text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:.72rem;margin-top:2px;}

/* ---------- Layout helpers ---------- */
main{display:block;}
section{padding:0;}
.section-pad{padding:56px 0;}
.bg-gray{background:var(--bright-gray);}
.bg-dark{background:var(--charleston);color:#dfe1e8;}
.bg-dark h1,.bg-dark h2,.bg-dark h3{color:#fff;}
.bg-dark a{color:#8fe0fb;}
.kicker-rule{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin:0 0 26px;}
.kicker-rule h2{margin:0;}
.kicker-rule .ln{flex:1;height:1px;background:var(--line-strong);}

/* ---------- Hero (home) ---------- */
.hero{padding:40px 0 8px;}
.hero-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.55fr .95fr;gap:40px;align-items:start;}
.lead-card .img-ph{margin-bottom:22px;}
.lead-card h1{font-size:clamp(1.9rem,3.8vw,2.9rem);margin-bottom:.35em;}
.lead-card .dek{font-size:1.22rem;color:var(--davys-grey);font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}
.byline{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.73rem;letter-spacing:.05em;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:14px;}
.byline a{color:var(--cerulean-ink);}
.rail{border-left:1px solid var(--line);padding-left:0;}
.rail-item{padding:0 0 20px;margin:0 0 20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);}
.rail-item:last-child{border-bottom:0;}
.rail-item .eyebrow{margin-bottom:6px;}
.rail-item h3{font-size:1.12rem;margin:0 0 6px;line-height:1.25;}
.rail-item p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--muted);margin:0;}

/* ---------- Cards ---------- */
.card-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:28px;}
.card-grid.two{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);}
.card{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);overflow:hidden;display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:box-shadow .18s ease, transform .18s ease;}
.card:hover{box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);transform:translateY(-2px);}
.card .img-ph{border-radius:0;border-left:0;border-right:0;border-top:0;}
.card .body{padding:20px 20px 22px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;flex:1;}
.card h3{margin:0;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.22;}
.card h3 a{color:var(--charleston);}
.card h3 a:hover{color:var(--cerulean-ink);}
.card p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--muted);margin:0;}
.card .byline{margin-top:auto;padding-top:6px;}
.tag{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--cerulean-ink);background:var(--cerulean-wash);padding:4px 9px;border-radius:2px;font-weight:600;}

/* ---------- List rows ---------- */
.rows{border-top:1px solid var(--line);}
.row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:170px 1fr;gap:26px;padding:26px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);align-items:start;}
.row .thumb .img-ph{margin:0;height:108px;}
.row h3{margin:.1em 0 .35em;font-size:1.35rem;}
.row h3 a{color:var(--charleston);}
.row p{margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:1rem;}
.row .byline{margin-top:10px;}

/* ---------- Image placeholders ---------- */
.img-ph{
  position:relative;width:100%;background:
    repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, #e3e5ee 0 12px, #eceef4 12px 24px);
  border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);
  aspect-ratio:16/9;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;
  color:var(--davys-grey);overflow:hidden;
}
.img-ph::before{content:"◷ IMAGE";position:absolute;top:10px;left:12px;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.6rem;letter-spacing:.18em;color:#9498a6;}
.img-ph span{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.74rem;letter-spacing:.03em;max-width:80%;line-height:1.5;color:#717584;padding:0 12px;}
.img-ph.r1-1{aspect-ratio:1/1;}
.img-ph.r4-3{aspect-ratio:4/3;}
.img-ph.r21-9{aspect-ratio:21/9;}
.img-ph.portrait{aspect-ratio:3/4;}
figure{margin:2em 0;}
figure .img-ph{margin:0;}
figcaption{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;color:var(--muted);letter-spacing:.02em;margin-top:9px;text-transform:none;line-height:1.5;}

/* ---------- Article ---------- */
.article-head{padding:34px 0 8px;}
.breadcrumb{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:18px;}
.breadcrumb a{color:var(--muted);}
.breadcrumb a:hover{color:var(--cerulean-ink);}
.article-head h1{max-width:16ch;}
.article-head .dek{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.45;color:var(--davys-grey);max-width:46ch;margin:.4em 0 0;}
.meta-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 22px;align-items:center;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.74rem;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:24px 0 0;padding:16px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);}
.meta-bar .who a{color:var(--cerulean-ink);}
.article-body{font-size:1.12rem;}
.article-body > *{max-width:var(--measure);}
.article-body > figure,.article-body > .wide{max-width:920px;}
.article-body h2{font-size:clamp(1.5rem,2.6vw,1.95rem);}
.article-body p:first-of-type{font-size:1.2rem;color:#2c2d35;}
.article-body a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-color:rgba(0,169,226,.4);}
.article-body a:hover{text-decoration-color:var(--cerulean);}

/* ---------- Callouts ---------- */
.callout{background:var(--cerulean-wash);border-left:4px solid var(--cerulean);padding:20px 24px;border-radius:0 var(--radius) var(--radius) 0;margin:2em 0;}
.callout .eyebrow{margin-bottom:6px;}
.callout p:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}

.pullquote{margin:2.2em 0;padding:0 0 0 26px;border-left:4px solid var(--cerulean);}
.pullquote p{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.3;color:var(--charleston);font-weight:500;margin:0 0 .3em;}
.pullquote cite{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.74rem;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase;}
.pullquote cite a{color:var(--cerulean-ink);}

.statgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin:2.2em 0;}
.stat{background:var(--charleston);color:#fff;padding:22px 20px;border-radius:var(--radius);border-top:3px solid var(--cerulean);}
.stat .num{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:2.2rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1;color:#fff;}
.stat .lbl{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:.86rem;color:#b9bcc8;margin-top:8px;line-height:1.4;}
.stat .src{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.62rem;letter-spacing:.06em;color:#7e8290;margin-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase;}

.takeaways{background:var(--bright-gray);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:24px 26px;margin:2.2em 0;}
.takeaways .eyebrow{margin-bottom:10px;}
.takeaways h4{margin:0 0 10px;}
.takeaways ul{margin:0;padding-left:1.1em;}
.takeaways li{margin:.5em 0;}

.disclosure{background:#fff;border:1px dashed var(--line-strong);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:14px 18px;margin:1.8em 0;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--muted);}
.disclosure strong{color:var(--charleston);}

/* ---------- Author card ---------- */
.author-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:104px 1fr;gap:22px;align-items:start;background:var(--bright-gray);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:24px;margin:2.6em 0;}
.author-card .img-ph{margin:0;}
.author-card h4{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.25rem;margin:0 0 4px;}
.author-card .role{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--cerulean-ink);margin:0 0 10px;}
.author-card p{font-size:.96rem;color:var(--davys-grey);margin:0 0 8px;}

/* ---------- FAQ ---------- */
.faq{margin:2.4em 0;}
.faq h2{margin-bottom:.4em;}
.faq details{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);margin:0 0 12px;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;}
.faq details[open]{border-color:var(--line-strong);box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);}
.faq summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:18px 22px;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.18rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--charleston);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;align-items:center;}
.faq summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;}
.faq summary::after{content:"+";font-family:var(--mono);font-size:1.4rem;color:var(--cerulean);transition:transform .2s;}
.faq details[open] summary::after{content:"–";}
.faq .ans{padding:0 22px 20px;color:var(--davys-grey);font-size:1.02rem;}
.faq .ans p:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}

/* ---------- Related ---------- */
.related .card-grid{margin-top:8px;}

/* ---------- Newsletter / strips ---------- */
.strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.1fr .9fr;gap:40px;align-items:center;}
.signup form{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:14px;}
.signup input[type=email]{flex:1;min-width:220px;padding:13px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line-strong);border-radius:var(--radius);font-family:var(--sans);font-size:1rem;background:#fff;}
.btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--cerulean);color:#fff;border:0;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:14px 22px;border-radius:var(--radius);cursor:pointer;}
.btn:hover{background:var(--cerulean-ink);text-decoration:none;color:#fff;}
.btn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--line-strong);color:var(--charleston);}
.btn.ghost:hover{background:var(--charleston);color:#fff;border-color:var(--charleston);}

/* ---------- Trust strip ---------- */
.trust{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:24px;}
.trust .item .eyebrow{margin-bottom:6px;}
.trust .item p{font-size:.95rem;color:inherit;opacity:.92;margin:0;}

/* ---------- Author / about pages ---------- */
.profile{display:grid;grid-template-columns:300px 1fr;gap:48px;align-items:start;}
.profile .ph .img-ph{margin-bottom:16px;}
.profile .links a{display:inline-flex;gap:6px;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.74rem;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-right:14px;}
.profile h1{margin-top:0;}
.cred-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:1.4em 0;}
.cred-list li{padding:10px 0 10px 26px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);position:relative;color:var(--davys-grey);margin:0;}
.cred-list li::before{content:"›";position:absolute;left:4px;color:var(--cerulean);font-weight:700;}

/* ---------- Contact ---------- */
.contact-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:48px;align-items:start;}
.field{margin-bottom:16px;}
.field label{display:block;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:6px;}
.field input,.field textarea,.field select{width:100%;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line-strong);border-radius:var(--radius);font-family:var(--sans);font-size:1rem;background:#fff;}
.field textarea{min-height:140px;resize:vertical;}

/* ---------- Footer ---------- */
.site-footer{background:var(--charleston);color:#aeb1bd;margin-top:64px;padding:54px 0 30px;font-size:.95rem;}
.site-footer a{color:#cfd2db;}
.site-footer a:hover{color:#fff;}
.foot-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:34px;padding-bottom:34px;border-bottom:1px solid #3a3c45;}
.site-footer h5{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;margin:0 0 14px;}
.site-footer ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;}
.site-footer li{margin:.45em 0;}
.foot-brand .nm{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.4rem;color:#fff;}
.foot-brand .nm .dot{color:var(--cerulean);}
.foot-brand p{margin:.8em 0 0;max-width:34ch;color:#9498a6;font-size:.92rem;}
.foot-bottom{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-top:22px;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.05em;color:#7e8290;text-transform:uppercase;}
.foot-disc{margin-top:18px;font-size:.82rem;color:#8a8e9b;max-width:80ch;line-height:1.6;}
.foot-disc a{color:#8fe0fb;}

/* ---------- Misc ---------- */
.lede-block{max-width:var(--measure);}
.note{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--muted);}
.center{text-align:center;}
.mt0{margin-top:0;}
.spacer{height:8px;}

/* ---------- Responsive ---------- */
@media (max-width:960px){
  .hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:32px;}
  .rail{border-left:0;padding-left:0;}
  .card-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);}
  .strip{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px;}
  .trust{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);}
  .profile{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:28px;}
  .contact-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:28px;}
  .foot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:26px;}
}
@media (max-width:620px){
  body{font-size:17px;}
  .card-grid,.card-grid.two{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
  .statgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
  .row{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:14px;}
  .row .thumb{display:none;}
  .trust{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
  .foot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
  .author-card{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
  .masthead .container{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px;}
  .masthead .cta{display:none;}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation:none!important;transition:none!important;scroll-behavior:auto!important;}}